Get the Basics Right! 12 Principles of Animation



The 12 principles of animation were developed by Disney animators Ollie Johnston and Frank Thomas, and they serve as a guide to create appealing and lifelike animations. These principles are fundamental to the field of animation and have been widely adopted by animators across various mediums. Here are the 12 principles:

  1. Squash and Stretch: This principle adds flexibility and gives a sense of weight and volume to objects. It involves exaggerating the shape of an object to show its movement or impact.

  2. Anticipation: Anticipation prepares the viewer for an action by adding a small movement or action before the main action occurs. It helps make the motion more believable and gives it a sense of purpose.

  3. Staging: Staging is about presenting an idea or action clearly to the audience. It involves framing and positioning elements in a way that directs the viewer's attention to the most important aspects of the scene.

  4. Straight Ahead and Pose to Pose: These are two different approaches to creating animation. Straight ahead animation involves drawing or animating frame by frame from start to finish, creating a fluid and spontaneous feel. Pose to pose animation involves planning key poses and then filling in the intermediate frames.

  5. Follow Through and Overlapping Action: Follow through refers to the continuation of movement even after the main action has stopped. Overlapping action involves elements of a character or object moving at different rates, adding realism and fluidity to the animation.

  6. Slow In and Slow Out: This principle is about adding more frames at the beginning and end of an action to create a gradual acceleration or deceleration. It helps create a smooth and natural movement.

  7. Arcs: Most natural movement occurs in arcs rather than straight lines. Animating objects or characters along arched paths helps create a more organic and lifelike motion.

  8. Secondary Action: Secondary actions are additional movements that support the main action and enhance the overall storytelling. They can be used to show emotions, reactions, or reinforce the primary action.

  9. Timing: Timing refers to the number of frames used to create an action and the spacing between them. It is essential to create the desired effect and convey the appropriate sense of weight, speed, and reaction.

  10. Exaggeration: Exaggeration is a tool used to emphasize or accentuate certain aspects of an action, character, or scene. It adds appeal and interest to the animation and can help convey emotions or comedic effects.

  11. Solid Drawing: Solid drawing focuses on creating three-dimensional forms that give the illusion of volume, weight, and depth. It involves understanding anatomy, perspective, and how objects interact with light and shadow.

  12. Appeal: Appeal refers to the overall aesthetic quality of the animation. It involves creating characters, designs, and movements that are visually appealing, interesting, and engaging to the audience.

These principles provide a foundation for animators to create believable, dynamic, and visually captivating animations. While they were initially developed for traditional hand-drawn animation, they are applicable to various animation techniques, including computer-generated animation and stop-motion.

 

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